- Apr 16, 2005
- 16,095
- 16,846
I’ve heard I look “mean” so no one talks to me regardless.
Mean is code for ugly b
Hide Ya Wives, Hide Ya Kids: Worldwide Coronavirus Pandemic!
Mean is code for ugly b
- Mar 30, 2007
- 151,178
- 202,620
- Feb 5, 2011
- 4,292
- 1,192
welp looks like that didn’t help
- Feb 24, 2009
- 11,540
- 7,443
During the influenza pandemic in 1918, even though the world was a very different place, the discussion was just as heated.
That pandemic killed an estimated 5 million people worldwide, including 675,000 Americans, before it was all over.
While the vast majority of cities closed their schools, three opted to keep them open -- New York, Chicago and New Haven, according to historians.
The decisions of health officials in those cities was based largely on the hypothesis of public health officials that students were safer and better off at school. It was, after all, the height of the Progressive Era, with its emphasis on hygiene in schools and more nurses for each student than is thinkable now.
New York had almost 1 million school children in 1918 and about 75% of them lived in tenements, in crowded, often unsanitary conditions, according to a 2010 article in Public Health Reports, the official journal of the US Surgeon General and the US Public Health Service.
"For students from the tenement districts, school offered a clean, well-ventilated environment where teachers, nurses, and doctors already practiced — and documented — thorough, routine medical inspections," according to the Public Health Reports article.
The city was one of the hardest and earliest hit by the flu, said Dr. Howard Markel, a medical historian and director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan. He was a co-author of the 2010 Public Health Reports article.
"(Children) leave their often unsanitary homes for large, clean, airy school buildings, where there is always a system of inspection and examination enforced," New York's health commissioner at the time, Dr. Royal S. Copeland, told the New York Times after the pandemic had peaked there.
Students weren't allowed to gather outside school and had to report to their teacher immediately, according to Copeland. Teachers checked students for any signs of the flu, and students who had symptoms were isolated.
If students had a fever, someone from the health department would take them home, and the health official would judge whether the conditions were suitable for "isolation and care," according to Public Health Reports. If not, they were sent to a hospital.
"The health department required families of the children recovering at home to either have a family physician or use the services of a public health doctor at no charge," the Public Health Report article said.
The argument in Chicago for leaving schools open for its 500,000 students was the same: keeping schools open would keep the children off the streets and away from infected adults, the reasoning went.
If social distancing was helpful then, it would have been made easier by the fact that absenteeism in schools soared during the pandemic, perhaps because of what one Chicago public health official called "fluphobia" among parents.
"The absentee rate was so great, it really didn't matter" that schools were open, Markel said.
Part of Chicago's strategy was to ensure that fresh air was circulated. School rooms were overheated during the winter so that windows could remain open at all times, according to a 1918 paper by the Chicago Department of Health.
The paper concluded that an analysis of data showed that "the decision of keeping the schools of this city open during the recent influenza epidemic was justified."
And in New York, then Health Commissioner Copeland told the New York Times: "How much better it has been to have the children under the constant observation of qualified persons than to close the schools."
Markel, who with other researchers pored over data and historical records in looking at the response of 43 cities to the 1918 pandemic, isn't as convinced.
New York "didn't do the worst, but it didn't do the best, either," Markel said, adding Chicago was slightly better.
Research showed that cities who implemented quarantining and isolation, school closures and bans on public gatherings fared the best, he said.
"The cities that did more than one" of these measures "did better. School closures were part of that contribution," Markel said.
Public health experts, including Markel, are quick to point out that Covid-19 is not influenza, which was a well-known disease in 1918. There is still a lot to learn about the novel coronavirus and the disease it causes, Covid-19.
The right decision today, Markel said, is school closure.
"It's better," he said, "to be safe than sorry."
That pandemic killed an estimated 5 million people worldwide, including 675,000 Americans, before it was all over.
While the vast majority of cities closed their schools, three opted to keep them open -- New York, Chicago and New Haven, according to historians.
The decisions of health officials in those cities was based largely on the hypothesis of public health officials that students were safer and better off at school. It was, after all, the height of the Progressive Era, with its emphasis on hygiene in schools and more nurses for each student than is thinkable now.
New York had almost 1 million school children in 1918 and about 75% of them lived in tenements, in crowded, often unsanitary conditions, according to a 2010 article in Public Health Reports, the official journal of the US Surgeon General and the US Public Health Service.
"For students from the tenement districts, school offered a clean, well-ventilated environment where teachers, nurses, and doctors already practiced — and documented — thorough, routine medical inspections," according to the Public Health Reports article.
The city was one of the hardest and earliest hit by the flu, said Dr. Howard Markel, a medical historian and director of the Center for the History of Medicine at the University of Michigan. He was a co-author of the 2010 Public Health Reports article.
"(Children) leave their often unsanitary homes for large, clean, airy school buildings, where there is always a system of inspection and examination enforced," New York's health commissioner at the time, Dr. Royal S. Copeland, told the New York Times after the pandemic had peaked there.
Students weren't allowed to gather outside school and had to report to their teacher immediately, according to Copeland. Teachers checked students for any signs of the flu, and students who had symptoms were isolated.
If students had a fever, someone from the health department would take them home, and the health official would judge whether the conditions were suitable for "isolation and care," according to Public Health Reports. If not, they were sent to a hospital.
"The health department required families of the children recovering at home to either have a family physician or use the services of a public health doctor at no charge," the Public Health Report article said.
The argument in Chicago for leaving schools open for its 500,000 students was the same: keeping schools open would keep the children off the streets and away from infected adults, the reasoning went.
If social distancing was helpful then, it would have been made easier by the fact that absenteeism in schools soared during the pandemic, perhaps because of what one Chicago public health official called "fluphobia" among parents.
"The absentee rate was so great, it really didn't matter" that schools were open, Markel said.
Part of Chicago's strategy was to ensure that fresh air was circulated. School rooms were overheated during the winter so that windows could remain open at all times, according to a 1918 paper by the Chicago Department of Health.
The paper concluded that an analysis of data showed that "the decision of keeping the schools of this city open during the recent influenza epidemic was justified."
And in New York, then Health Commissioner Copeland told the New York Times: "How much better it has been to have the children under the constant observation of qualified persons than to close the schools."
Markel, who with other researchers pored over data and historical records in looking at the response of 43 cities to the 1918 pandemic, isn't as convinced.
New York "didn't do the worst, but it didn't do the best, either," Markel said, adding Chicago was slightly better.
Research showed that cities who implemented quarantining and isolation, school closures and bans on public gatherings fared the best, he said.
"The cities that did more than one" of these measures "did better. School closures were part of that contribution," Markel said.
Public health experts, including Markel, are quick to point out that Covid-19 is not influenza, which was a well-known disease in 1918. There is still a lot to learn about the novel coronavirus and the disease it causes, Covid-19.
The right decision today, Markel said, is school closure.
"It's better," he said, "to be safe than sorry."
- Jul 22, 2012
- 37,341
- 32,184
So my in-laws spent the weekend in Reno. When my wife questioned her dad why he's becoming lenient with mom on going to the casino when she's just getting over chemo/radiation, he couldn't give a straight answer.
Dumbass. He talks all this **** at home about how WE need to sanitize and make sure we're clean, yet he agrees to bring his wife to different casinos.
Need to get out of here.
Dumbass. He talks all this **** at home about how WE need to sanitize and make sure we're clean, yet he agrees to bring his wife to different casinos.
Need to get out of here.
- Jun 20, 2014
- 5,083
- 7,592
Anyone else surprised more schools haven't discussed holding classes outdoors or moving/modifying learning spaces to locations with good ventilation? I know this won't work everywhere, but open air with good distancing seems obvious, IMO.
Open-air schools helped fight pandemics in the 1900s. Should they make a comeback?
A century ago, educators at New Jersey's Boylan Street School taught in the outdoors to fight against tuberculosis, an infectious respiratory disease.
www.usatoday.com
- Nov 16, 2018
- 31,417
- 65,440
do u hate ur father in law?
- Mar 30, 2007
- 151,178
- 202,620
- Jul 28, 2017
- 393
- 1,346
Ramp up the news stories! Too much car and foot traffic again.
I had all these streets and land to myself just a few months ago.
I had all these streets and land to myself just a few months ago.
- Jul 22, 2012
- 37,341
- 32,184
No, I do not hate him.
He is very old-school and our philosophies on life clashes frequently. Doesn't communicate well, passive aggressive with his comments, thinks is always right, and is racist.
He's set in his ways and won't change unless my wife and brother-in-law forces his hand.
Don't get me wrong, though. He's done a lot in supporting the family and our kids. But there is a line that I've drawn where I will not compromise or fall for his antics.
- May 3, 2009
- 10,293
- 26,707
- Oct 31, 2005
- 8,407
- 19,652
This is one thing I’m gonna miss when things get back to normal. I’m loving it right now. I’m noticing a lot more cars on the road but it hasn’t affected my commute yet. Since were off the watch list I think it’s going to get worse.
- Mar 30, 2007
- 151,178
- 202,620
- May 29, 2016
- 7,131
- 7,261
Works.
- Mar 27, 2004
- 18,386
- 34,061
Where is
shibadekobe
to keep us updated? I'll do my best:
Looks like Nate Silver stopped posting his daily COVID updates...
shibadekobe
to keep us updated? I'll do my best:Looks like Nate Silver stopped posting his daily COVID updates...
- May 24, 2014
- 8,070
- 5,047
I’m glad I live in the northeast.
Nike Jordan
Supporter
- Jun 27, 2002
- 33,945
- 81,218
Pre-ordered mine. 
- May 1, 2011
- 37,687
- 32,027
Pre-ordered mine.
they sell out of these or what? Cant find it
Nike Jordan
Supporter
- Jun 27, 2002
- 33,945
- 81,218
MAX WASTLER
All Plaidout by Max Wastler is a store dedicated to high-quality goods: menswear, home, accessories and provisions. Brand collaborations feature durable products guaranteed to work as intended. We only offer high-quality, well-built products meant to be used, well-cared-for, repaired and reused...
shop.allplaidout.com
- Oct 28, 2013
- 42,726
- 178,514
- Feb 2, 2014
- 39,127
- 55,269
kid isn't even wearing his mask correctly
they have to be choosing these pictures purposely
- Oct 28, 2013
- 42,726
- 178,514
- Jan 26, 2003
- 7,480
- 12,521
Where is
- Feb 5, 2013
- 39,358
- 40,813
Pre-ordered mine.
this aint it
- Mar 30, 2007
- 151,178
- 202,620
